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  1. GSM stands for “Global system for Mobile communications”. It is a specification of wireless network infrastructure. The system has been developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. GPS stands for “Global positioning System”.
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by W.A. Steer PhD
About..

After coming by some new information, my curiosity was aroused withregard to what exactly a digital GSM mobile phone transmits. Thisdocument summarises what I found out, and actually measured.

Gsm Mobile

Background

Contemporary 'digital' mobile phones in Europe operate using the GSM(Global Systems Mobile) system. There are two frequency bands allocatedto GSM mobile phones, one at 900MHz, and one at 1800MHz. GSM uses acombination of frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and timedivision multiple access (TDMA). What this means in reality is thatwithin each band there are a hundred or so available carrierfrequencies on 200kHz spacing (the FDMA bit), and each carrier isbroken up into time-slots so as to support 8 separate conversations(the TDMA bit). Correspondingly, the handset transmission is pulsedwith a duty cycle of 1:8; and the average power is one eighth ofthe peak power. Once a call is in progress, the phones are designed toreduce the radiofrequency (RF) output power to the minimum required forreliable communication - under optimum conditions, the power can be setas low as 20mW (one hundredth of full power). Battery consumption andradiation output of the handset is further reduced by using'discontinuous transmission' (DTX); the phone transmits very much lessdata during pauses in the conversation.

Experimental

GsnI rigged up a simple circuit (crystal-set type non-tuned diode demodulator)and recorded the signal amplitude using a standard PC soundcard line-insocket.

The figure below represents the amplitude of the a GSM mobile phone (Vodafone)transmission on reception of an incoming call.
The interpretation of the call progress is my own, based on limitedknowledge. Note how the transmitter power is reduced once the call hasbeen set up and the conversation begins. Note also the 'gaps' during thesilence in the conversation, where the transmitted signal returns to a'holding' signal -- which looks superficially similar to the signal duringringing.

The slow and smooth variation in amplitude is caused by moving the phonerelative to my receiver during the measurement, and is not significant!


This represents a section of the voice transmission, the timescaleof the whole plot being a little over 1 second.


Expanding the timescale further, the detail of the pulse structureis revealed. The pulses come at4.62 millisecond intervals (approx. 217Hz frequency), each lasting0.57 milliseconds. This gives a mark:space ratio of 1:7, allowingup to eight calls to be time-multiplexed (TDMA) onto the same carrierfrequency. Every 26th pulse is omitted, causing an 8.3Hz periodicity inthe signal.

The plot below shows some detail of the effect of the discontinuoustransmission.

Possible health issues

I'm trying to continue to 'sit on the fence', and not give an opinionon the possible health-implications of mobile phones. The generalconsensus of the scientific community and the relevant radiation-protection bodies is that there is no significant evidence of ahealth risk from mobile phones. Nevertheless, some people still claimto suffer headaches and other symptoms which they blame on theirphone. Long term effects, of course, can only be observed after along time. The official line is basically that they are safe, butsome caution wouldn't go amiss. The emitted RF energy will be muchreduced if you use the phone in a good signal area (eg line of sightto the base-station), whereas use in a poor signal area like insidea lift (elevator) or a tunnel will result in the phone using a muchhigher power.

You might want to consider the following points:

  • With a 2 watt transmitter power the RF field strength, within acouple of centimetres of the aerial is quite high (around 400V/meter). Forcomparision, most electronic equipment is usually only guaranteed to operatenormally in fields up to 3V/meter. Use of a phone within a few metresof electronic equipment can cause interference, and possible malfunction.
  • The pulsed structure of the output has, rightly or wrongly, alsobeen a source of concern for human well-being. The component at 8Hzis close to brainwave frequencies.
  • Besides the magnetic component of the RF field, a mobile phone would beexpected to emit a weak, low frequency magnetic field. This will begenerated by the power wiring inside the phone as the 2watt transmitter(around 1amp from the 2volt battery) is switched on and off. Although thestrength of this field is much less than the Earth's constantmagnetic field, recent studies have indicated that even very weakswitched magnetic fields are capable of affecting neurons in the brain,and of aborting epileptic fits. Perhaps they can also cause other, lessdesireable effects?
  • What is for sure is that RF energy to which the public are exposed frombase stations is typically less than one thousandth the strength of thatfrom holding a handset to the ear. Technically very much higher powertelevision transmitters have been operated on similar frequencies (to GSM900)for many years (albeit with different modulation structure), and yet havenot caused such an outcry. With fewer TV transmitters, and not generallysited in the heart of suburbia, they haven't generated 'not-in-my-back-yard'sentiments in the same way. The visual impact of 'masts' is stillundesireable though!

Further reading

  • For more technical leads, try a web search for 'GSM' and 'GMSK'. Google
Created: February 2001
Last modified: 23 March 2002
Source: http://www.techmind.org/gsm/©2001 William Andrew Steer
andrew@techmind.org

Extended coverage GSM IoT (EC-GSM-IoT) is a standard-based Low Power Wide Area technology. It is based on eGPRS and designed as a high capacity, long range, low energy and low complexity cellular system for IoT communications. The optimisations made in EC-GSM-IoT that need to be made to existing GSM networks can be made as a software upgrade, ensuring coverage and accelerated time to-market. Battery life of up to 10 years can be supported for a wide range of use cases.

The EC-GSM-IOT network trials have begun, with the first commercial launches planned for 2017. Supported by all major mobile equipment, chip set and module manufacturers, EC-GSM-IoT networks will co-exist with 2G, 3G, and 4G mobile networks. It will also benefit from all the security and privacy mobile network features, such as support for user identity confidentiality, entity authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and mobile equipment identification. List of barcrest fruit machines.

Gsm mobile phones

EC-GSM-IoT Group

The aim of the EC-GSM- IoT Group is to provide all industry and wider ecosystem stakeholders with market representation to accelerate the wide-spread adoption of 3GPP-based EC-GSM-IoT technology. EC-GSM- IoT is addressing the low-power wide-area IoT market opportunity using licensed spectrum with the intent to launch commercial solutions in 2017.

The objectives of the EC-GSM-IoT Group are:

  • Facilitate demonstrations and proof of concept trials which strengthen the EC-GSM- IoT solution to meet LPWA requirements
  • Lead industry partners and the ecosystem to build a strong end-to-end industry chain for EC-GSM- IoT growth, development and deployment
  • Reduce complexity of EC-GSM- IoT device introduction
  • Drive and proliferate EC-GSM- IoT applications in vertical markets for new business opportunities
  • Promote collaboration between all EC-GSM- IoT industry partners to ensure interoperability of solutions

How to join the EC-GSM- IoT Group

The EC-GSM- IoT Group is open to GSMA Members and Associate Members, however all members must positively contribute to the Group’s high-level objectives, including promoting and trialling EC-GSM- IoT technology and encouraging new service and application development. Non GSMA Members are welcome to join the Mobile IoT Innovators, at the bottom of this page, to keep up to date with the latest information and events. Nba betting tips telegram games.

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If you would like to join the EC-GSM- IoT Group please contact iot@gsma.com

Current Members

  • Broadcom Corporation
  • Cisco Systems
  • Ericsson
  • Gemalto NV
  • Intel Corporation
  • KDDI Corporation
  • LG Electronics
  • MediaTek
  • Nokia
  • Oberthur Technologies
  • Ooredoo
  • Orange
  • Samsung Electronics
  • Saudi Telecom Company
  • Sierra Wireless
  • Telit Communications
  • VimpelCom

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Apply now to become a member of the Mobile IoT Innovators community to keep up to date with the latest information and industry developments for Low Power Wide Area solutions, and to receive invitations to exclusive events.